Presidential Biography of Theodore Roosevelt :: American Presidents History Governmental Essays

Presidential Biography of Theodore RooseveltAscension To The White House As governor of impertinent York, Roosevelt would once againl stand on his own and distance himself from the political bosses and machines that got him elected. The head of the Republican machine, Thomas Platt, had misgivings about making Roosevelt governor of New York because of Roosevelts meat independence and his reform nature. But in the gubernatorial race of 1898, with the bad press the Republican Party was receiving, there seemed to be no one else who had a chance. Roosevelt was riding the crest of the wave of being a true war hero, and with Platts attention to draw a bead onher they might keep the Democrats from winning the office. Platt in return for his help expected Roosevelt to let him make the appointments and carry the party line. Roosevelt had no intentions of being Platts puppet, and as soon as he got in office the two would initiate to battle. Roosevelt had to be careful, because to totally alienate Platt would cripple his chances to go any further politically or even threaten his chances to be reelected governor. Roosevelt made his point by declining to appoint Platts first suggested appointee. After making his point, however, Roosevelt tried to work with the Republican boss to the extent of not abandoning his own principals. Platt for his part could not toss the war hero out on his ear in 1900, but at the same time, he wanted to find a way to gracefully get Roosevelt out of his hair. Platts opportunity to get rid of Roosevelt came with the approach of the presidential election of 1900. McKinley was discretely looking for a new running mate to replace Hobart in the future election. It was fairly obvious that the Democrats would choose William Jennings Bryan as their candidate of choice again, and McKinley would need a fiery speaking running mate to offset Bryans oratory abilities. McKinley would alone sit back and look Presidential while his running mate would atta ck Bryan. Hobart was not a gifted orator, and this decision to replace him became all that much easier when he died just prior to the national Republican convention. Mark Hanna had run McKinleys campaign in 1896 and wanted nothing to do with Roosevelt in 1900. Platt on the some other hand saw his opportunity to get rid of Roosevelt at the same time saving face in his own home state of New York.

Essay --

As the tears runs slowly down my experiences eyes. She held her cold lifeless cocker boy into her arms. Pressing him into her chest as if that would bring life back to her only son. That son she had dreamed of for so long is now with off life. With her baby prehend on her chest, the pain of birth rushed through her bones she dropped the lifeless baby on the bed and looked back at me. With her hand clamped, in an angry, defensive and agonized voice she trembled these words out to me you have to do something for you are the cause of his death. Me as a little girl busted out the door with teary eyes. Upset of being accused of something I havent done. I was thinking if I had the power to change the pain my convey was experiencing I would have. From that point I had the desire of becoming a pediatrician. For in my mind if I was a doctor I could have healed my brother, and my mother would not have to witness that kind of pain. Even though entering in the biology field had been probab ly forced into existence I do not feel passionately about nothing then the science field. With the classes I have taken and the knowledge I have gain in that perspective there is no going back. With this experience and many others I had throughout my life, are the backbone of me pursuing my dream of becoming a pediatrician. The probability of becoming a McNair fellow leave behind help me developed skills needed to accomplish my goal. My goal in life is to be a pediatrician. My major(ip) motivation for choosing this medical route is not only based on my brothers death incidence. I have always been fascinated with the living systems. I remember when I was taking biology in high school how fascinated the human body and cell communications were to me. The more Biology... ...re is I will accomplish something significant in life and that will make my parent proud of me for being the first in the family to obtain such a prestigious level in life. With experience obtain I will have the capability to go back to Haiti to educate upcoming doctors. I will be able to open the first research lab, which will provide students interested in pursuing a major in the science field the chance to experience biology hands on. A PhD will offer me with the opportunity to give society the same opportunity that McNair program will be providing to me. The major contribution I would love to accomplish is to go to third world countries to educate people on how to protect themselves from many diseases that could have been prevented by simplex procedure. For example the cholera it is deadly but with the right kind of tools and procedure it can be prevented.

Daughters of Edward Darley Boit by John Singer Sargent :: essays research papers

While visiting family in Boston for the weekend, I returned to the Museum of Fine Arts. I came upon other of John Singer Sargents works, Daughters of Edward Darley Boit. The composition of the painting intrigued me and so I have chosen to write about the piece.This painting of four missys in an sophisticated room and doorway of what I presume to be their home, is a very posed, stagnant depiction. Three of the little girls appear to be staring blankly at the painter, small-arm one stands facing to the ramp, staring forward, away from the painter. None of the girls is engaged in the scene. It does not appear, however to be frozen in time, as no girl is actively acknowledging another, nor actively playing with their toys and dolls, as in the case of the girl sitting on the rug. Two of the girls stands in the darkened doorway, similarly dressed, with one a bit more stiffly posed than the other. In the front, a girl stands at attention behind and to the side of the child sitting on the floor. The low density I found with this painting is that for the most part they do not appear comfortable in their surroundings. The one noticeable dissent to that is that one girl in the doorway leans back against a large porcelain vase, probably a very expensive one, and so I would think that a child tip against such a thing would cause great alarm to a parent for fear that it might be broken accidentally. Representing the child leaning against it leaves me to scruple whether she is simply very comfortable in her home, or perhaps upset or angry and responded by carelessly leaning against such a ware piece of art. Theoretically, Sargent posed the girls himself, however I could not devise a reason for placing the girl facing off to the side the way she is.Another compositional point I wish to make is that the painting feels somewhat unbalanced. Although the lights and darks work very well together with balanced contrast, I find the left side to be too heavy for the even u p. With the entire bodies of two girls, plus half of another, in addition to the very tall vase does not measure out against the smaller girl sitting on the floor and half of a girl in the back. Whats more is that none of the girls comes close to sitting near the right side, leaving the left side very weighty.

College Admissions Essay: Its Time to Make Children a Priority :: College Admissions Essays

Its Time to Make Children a Priority   Much of society judges the relative importance of an occupation by the size of the income or the associated fame. In fact many people judge themselves in the same way. To me, this is a male way of seeing the world. Its all more or less status and mating rights when you get down to it. I am prepargond to concede that at some point in humanitys past this was a unclouded measure of a jobs importance. But in a world that is clearly overpopulated it no longer makes sense to judge solely based upon the propogation of the species.   Our focus should right off move to the quality of the next generation rather than its quantity. It is therefore my opinion that the most important job in the world is child raising. Those people that tolerate to the healthy mental and physical development of children into adults, are performing a vital service to society. Imagine what the world would be like if children were truly our elapse priority, as some politicians so glibly pronounce. We are so far from that point that my imagination struggles with this concept.   Why are teachers amongst the lowest paid people in western society? Why is it next to impossible to find a good creche? Why are there more laws to encourage the rights of criminals than to protect those of us that choose to give up career to tend to home and family? Why is it that the educational standard of high school graduates is dropping faster than gravity should allow?   Now some people will be nodding their heads at this point and saying, Yes, the government should be doing something about this. Well I say, what are YOU doing about it. Take back responsibility for the upbringing of your own children.

Barium Enema Essay -- essays research papers fc

Every iodine should know that a lower GI is a very common and important trial run employ to diagnose many colon conditions. A lower GI examination, also know as a barium enema, is an x-ray examination of the rotund intestine. The large intestine, or large bowel, consists of the entire colon, including the appendix, rectum, and sigmoid colon. This commonly performed test is essentially the predecessor to the more familiar colonoscopy. A lower GI is used worldwide to help diagnose fatal diseases and many other problems that affect the large intestine.Some of the reasons that your doctor might order this exam atomic number 18 if you are experiencing diarrhea, constipation, blood in your stool, unexplained weight loss, anemia, to screen for colon polyps or colorectal cancer. Because this test demonstrates the large bowel, it is imperative to clean out the bowel completely. The smallest tote up of stool left in the intestine can affect the accuracy of the test. To ensure the colon i s cleaned the long-suffering is instructed to be on a clear mobile diet for 24 hours prior to the exam. They are also instructed to take a strong laxative the day before. Most patients say that the preparation for the exam is the crush part. Before the test is started an x-ray of the abdomen is taken to check for residual stool and gas. If there is too much stool remaining in the bowel, the patient will have to be rescheduled, and take the laxative prep again. A barium enema test is done by a radiologist and one or two radiographe...

Barium Enema Essay -- essays research papers fc

Everyone should know that a lower GI is a very common and important exam used to diagnose many colon conditions. A lower GI examination, also know as a barium enema, is an x-ray examination of the large intestine. The large intestine, or large bowel, consists of the correct colon, including the appendix, rectum, and sigmoid colon. This commonly performed test is essentially the predecessor to the more familiar colonoscopy. A lower GI is used worldwide to help diagnose contraband diseases and many other problems that affect the large intestine.Some of the reasons that your doctor might order this exam are if you are experiencing diarrhea, constipation, blood in your stool, unexplained slant loss, anemia, to screen for colon polyps or colorectal cancer. Because this test demonstrates the large bowel, it is imperative to clean out the bowel completely. The smallest amount of stool left in the intestine can affect the accuracy of the test. To ensure the colon is cleaned the patient is instructed to be on a clear liquid diet for 24 hours prior to the exam. They are also instructed to birth a strong laxative the day before. Most patients say that the preparation for the exam is the worst part. Before the test is started an x-ray of the abdomen is taken to check for residual stool and gas. If there is too much stool remaining in the bowel, the patient will have to be rescheduled, and take the laxative prep again. A barium enema test is done by a radiologist and one or two radiographe...

Eugene O’neill and the the Rebirth of Tragedy a Comparative Survey on Mourning Becomes Electra and Oresteia

Eugene Gladst oneness ONeill is one of the greatest American playwrights, he is known for plays such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Long Days Journey into Night ,Beyond the Horizon (1920), Anna Christie (1922), other Interlude (1928), Mourning Becomes Electra(1931)and The Iceman Cometh (1946). His plays probe the American Dream, race relations, class conflicts, sexuality, human aspirations and psychoanalysis. He often became immersed in the modernist movements of his time as he mainly sought to create modern American drama that would rival the great works of European modernists such as Ibsen, Strindberg and G.B. Shaw. ONeill was a great superstar of classical theatre and as a young man he had read Friedrich Nietzsches work almost the origin of Grecian disaster, in sequel he was very familiar with the subject and the techniques of representation. The ideas of the German critique and philosopher guided his dramatic works, in which he manifested the ability to adapt the defining chara cteristics of the classical tragedy to a modern script and audience.Thus, it is not surprising that we encounter God Dionysus in Lazarus Laughed (1928) or an adaptation of Oedipus character in Desire Under the Elms(1924). As for Mourning Becomes Electra (1931), ONeill explores Greek tragedy, attempting to modernize it. The play is based on Aeschyluss trilogy The Oresteia (though it is closer to Sophocles Electra than to Aeschylus plays). In a 1931 letter to drama critic allow Atkinson, ONeill wrote, Greek criticism is as remote from us as the art it criticizes.What we need is a definition of Modern and not Classical cataclysm by which to guide our judgments (Letters 19886 390). The play (a trilogy made up of three plays) examines a post-Civil War American family. The scene in Mourning Becomes Electra is laid on a c atomic number 18fully chosen setting- a city in New England, immediately after the Civil War. It is infrequent whatsoever that ONeill set the plot against such a histo rical background that had been previously chosen for the setting of great American novels by writers such as W. Faulkner or Nathaniel Hawthorne. It is well known that the southern was the cradle of American aristocracy, which after the Civil War underwent a severe decay, thus providing a suitable climate for recreating a Greek tragedy. . The plot of the scratch two uses of the trilogy- Homecoming and the The Hunted closely follows the pattern of the events expound in Agamemnon and the The Libation Bearers (Choephoroi) Ezra Mannon (Agamemnon) who ad just come back from the war was killed by his married woman Christine (Clitemnestra) with the help of her whapr, captain Adam Brant(Aegisthus) further on Lavinia (Electra), the Mannons daughter, forces her brother Orin(Oreste) to punish the murder of their father. The Erinnyes1 take the shape of madness in Orins case, as he feels responsible for the death of his mother and he is haunted by the feelings of guilt and remorse. The third part of the trilogy differs at some extent, as Orin kills himself while Oreste is exonerated of his guilt.thither are many other dilate that are different from Aeschylus trilogy for instance, Ezra Mannon didnt sacrifice Iphigenia sooner leaving, his death and that of other characters is also different the sword is replaced by the poison, and the matricide was a suicide caused by the sons conduct. However, in spite of all these differences, ONeill largely maintains the plotline of the Greek trilogy. Besides the plot, ONeill preserves elements of Oresteia such as the use of masks, which enables him to individualize the tragic heroes from that of the anonymous group of the Chorus.All of the Mannons are described as having a very droll expression which reminds of a mask, just their eyes seem to have a certain vitalityHer face is unusual, one is struck at once by the strange mold it gives in repose of being not living flesh but a wonderfully life-like pale mask, in which only the de ep-set eyes are alive(the description of Lavinia, p. 7) these masks that they naturally bear are a mark of their hero-like status which places them above the rest of the community, formed of characters such as servants or neighbors.It is remarkable how ONeill contrives to preserve the Chorus, which is a fundamental element of the Greek tragedy. Although it is not as dramatic as the tragic Chorus of the classical Greek plays, for each one and every of the three parts of Mourning Becomes Electra begins with the performance of a chorus formed of different men and women that comment upon the Mannons, the history of their family, revealing to the audience details about the behavior and the character of the heroes.Moreover, the setting chosen by ONeill is similar to the classical one used by the Greeks. It is known that in Aeschylus generation a wooden wall was used as a background of the setting, the wall usually stood for a palace or a temple and this on the nose the same as in ONeil ls trilogy, as the greatest part of the action takes place in front of the Mannons residence which is described as being an enormous stone mansion that has the aspect of a Greek temple(the temple of god Apollo) with a white wooden portico, with six noble columns2.However that was the typical construction for a house that belonged to an American aristocratic family in the XIX century. In Mourning Becomes Electra, ONeill brought into consonance the fundamental traits of the Greek tragedy and the specific elements of modern theatre, thus creating a modern tragedy that would please the contemporaneous audience. The tragedy of the House of Atreus is relocated in New England, at the end of the Civil War (the action of the play takes place between 1865 -1866), creating in this way an appropriate atmosphere.There are also allusions regarding the Gold make (p. 31), the assassinate of President Lincoln (p. 82) or the abolition of slavery (p. 256). Given this historical framework, Mourning B ecomes Electra has a series of both thematic an stylistic elements that yield a modern like character, making a tragedy of our times out of it. First of all, one can observe how the puritan environment that surrounds the characters, enables ONeill to have a modernist approach to the Greek expression of Fate.Quite similar to the Greek tragedies in which there is an obvious interference of the gods in the life of the mortals, or the tragic flaw or the hubris are put on the report card of a supernatural force, and the mistakes of the ancestors inflict upon the present, in ONeills work the battlefront of a power that prevails above all is also encountered. One the one hand, it is the history of the Mannons that triggers the tragedy(Adam Brant comes to revenge his father, who was disinherited), the portraits of the Mannons hanged throughout the house play an important part as they seem to observe and govern the Destiny of their descendants.On the other hand, the characters seem to acc ept quite naturally the rigor of destiny, for instance, Mrs. Hills, one of the members of the chorus that performs in the beginning of the second part, blames the Destiny for the death of Ezra Mannon, although she also casts a spiritual and divine shadow Maybe it is fate. You remember, Everett, youve always said about the Mannons that p exempte goeth before a fall and that someday God would humble them in their sinful pride3.In between the lines 469-470 of Agamemnon the same matter is dealt with, as the chorus speaks about the danger of receiving too much praise, referring to Agamemnon who victoriously came back to ArgosThere is peril in the praise Over-praised that he hears For the thunder it is hurled from Gods eyes4. Mrs. Hills is the wife of Everett Hills, a government minister of the North-American Congregational Church, so apparently, Zeus took the shape of a puritan god.It is a god that handles the threads that control the humans (according the Puritan belief in predestinati on), a god of justice who punishes those who transgress the strict moral code of New Englands puritan society. There are several innuendoes that continuously remind us that we deal with a Puritan milieu Christine hates the house she lives in because of its Puritan grey ugliness(p. 34), she calls Lavinia Puritan maiden(p. 78) and her hatred towards Ezra Mannon is put on account of his Puritanism which prevents him to fully satisfy his wife in their love relationship. (p. 102).Even though ONeill inserted the idea of Fate and predestination in his trilogy, this is just the surface layer, a pretext to conceal the real human frailties that are the source of tragic. The tragic flaw or the hubris are in fact of a different temperament than that in the classical Greek plays (Fate), it is the heros weak and instinctual nature that urges him to commit reprehensible deeds such as murder or incestuous behavior. In his eagerness to adapt the classical legend to the modern times, ONeill took int o account the psychological developments of his time, especially when creating the heroes.One can foresee in his characters the exclusion of Sigmund Freuds and Carl Gustav Jungs theories about the importance of the unconscious, infantile sexuality, and the relationship between parents and children. In Mourning Becomes Electra we can observe a wide range of steamy disorders that trouble the characters in their family relationships Orin obviously manifests Oedipus complex, as the main reason of his revenge (him killing Aegisthus) is not that of making justice, but rather his desire to get rid of his mothers lover.Subsequently, once the mother is dead, the incestuous feeling develops towards his sister, Lavinia, given her physical resemblance with her mother, Orin displaces the love he once had for his mother to Lavinia. As far-off as Lavinia is concerned, she clearly suffers of Electras complex, as she passionately loves her father and permanently looks up to usurp her mothers pla ce. The origin of this disorder has its roots in Lavinias childhood as she was rejected by her mother ever since she was born. In her pursuit to supervene upon her mothers position she unconsciously yearns for the love of Adam Brant(who physically resembles her ather, Ezra Mannon). Her feelings for Adam Brant and the hatred that she feels for her mother are in fact the true reasons of her revenge. Lavinia comes to acknowledge this in the end of the play when her subconscious plays her a trick (she calls her fiance, Peter, by the name of Adam) and commits what Norman Berlin calls a Freudian slip5. Although ONeill denied to have had a deep knowledge of the theories that stood at the root word of psychoanalysis6, it is beyond doubt that these principles surround the entire work, enhancing the characters with peculiar traits and motivations.Thus, it results a classical legend in modern psychological terms that were widely disseminated among the society of the XXth century, in consequen ce easy to understand for the contemporaneous spectators. Moreover, it is obvious that Mourning Becomes Electra does not have the poetic quality of Oresteia, as ONeill doesnt use the poetise as a means of expression although at times the tone might seem solemn and dignified, we deal with a work that is written in colloquial prose, full of phrases and idiomatic expressions appropriate to the social class that the heroes belong to.Even the language of the chorus reflects the speech of the American working class of the time, with their peculiar syntax, vocabulary and pronunciation. Although some representative literary figures wrote theatre in verse7, the contemporary audience was not much accustomed to attend such a performance. ONeill does not disappoint his audience in this matter.In conclusion, Eugene ONeill encompasses in Mourning Becomes Electra all the aspects of modern civilization such as the Puritan environment, psychological science and language attached to the distinctive features of Greek tragedy that he preserves from the original the plotline, the masks, the chorus and the setting that convey an attractive uniqueness, which makes the play to be one of the most popular and praised works of the American literature.If Oresteia enabled Aeschylus to get the first prize of the drama contest held in Athens in 458 A. D. , Mourning Becomes Electra contributed to the awarding of Eugene ONeill with the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1936.

Changes and Continuity in Western Europe

During the period of 1492 to 1750, Europe experienced drastic changes during their Age of Discovery. As a result of contact and colonization, western sandwich Europes parsimoniousness, political, social, and military systems changed, but also maintained certain aspects that enabled them to build strong civilizations. Such changes accommodate increased (international) trade routes, much centralized governments such as monarchies, decreased unifying influence of the Catholic Church, and increased interest in military success and expansion.In terms of the economy, industrialization and manufacturing drove the economy forward, catalyzing change and developments that would contribute to the economy. Advancements in metallurgy produced an increased demand for skilled blacksmiths and detailed metal work. State sponsored traffic companies and colonial ventures were investments that had a lasting influence. The ventures were mainly directed at the Americas, which were rich sources of gol d, silver, sugar, and other desired goods. This new international trade opened infinite possibilities for the economy to grow and expand.These ventures also brought American crops back to Europe, such as potatoes, which increased specialized agriculture. However, through these increased changes within the economic system, many aspects remained behind. Most notably was in agriculture, where farmers continued relying on the methods and techniques of the Middle Ages, such as the three-field system. Although there were innovations during the 18th century, they were not enough to noticeably improve the productivity, and many old crops were prominent along with new crops, which resulted in a lower production of the old crops.Politically, important changes, mainly the Glorious Revolution, impacted Europe in such a way that there is a lasting impression to this day. The decline in feudal balance resulted in more centralized government states, therefore tether to absolute and parliamentary monarchies. When France, England, and the Netherlands gained power through international trade, Spain lost its dominance while slowly falling behind the new major powers of Western Europe. part of the European political systems that remained untouched included the feudal political forms that remained strong, even with introduction of monarchies.Since European states thirsted for expansion of their states, military remained a top priority in funding therefore, the strong feudal forms remained, although with shifted balance. Furthermore, ordinary people were not highly affected by the political changes, because politics did not concern them all they had to commove about was paying their taxes as usual, and the general economic life was not adapted. In terms of the social system and structure, a main change that altered the social structure was commercialization, which created a new social class, the proletariats, who suffered from poverty.Other notable social changes include the em ergence of a European-style family, which emphasized the nuclear family structure, and intensified relate between family and individual property, and the decline of influence of the Catholic Church, which cause a separation of peoples religious and daily lives. However, women maintained their low statuses as inferiors to men, and have few alternatives when Protestants abolished convents. In addition, although the Catholic Church lost its influence, the elite remained powerful and limited cultural movements, mirroring that of the Dark Ages but to a lesser extent because of the Enlightenment.Militarily, the main advancements were seeming(a) in the navy, and skills in building stronger, bigger ships capable of sailing the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The increased interest in military conquest supported state-sponsored expeditions and ventures. France make a professional military, and Italy became more militarized, with majority of Western European states improving their navies. Sim ilar to their ancestors, the European states used their dominating armies and navies to expand their boundaries and conquer neighbouring lands.The coastal states gained more territory as a result of having superior naval forces, notably Britain. Throughout the period of 15th to 18th centuries, the changes that occurred, heavily influenced the development of the states into independent, dominating forces with Western Europeans gaining their own unique identity. Although there were more changes than continuities, the aspects that did last through this period support in the development of others, such as how the feudal political forms aided the emerging monarchies in becoming stronger, lasting till modern day.Europes Age of Discovery was a time for drastic and rapid changes, changes for the best, and not necessarily for the worst. Guns, Germs, and Steel. Dir. Jerad Diamond. National Geographic, 2005. DVD. Hoffman, Philip T. Prices, the Military Revolution, and Western Europes Comparat ive Advantage in Violence. Economic History Review, Feb2011 Supplement. Vol. 64. 2011. 39. Print. Outline. World Civilizations, AP Edition. Pearson Education, 2010. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. . Transformation of the West. World Civilizations. Pearson Education, 2010. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. .

Employee right case study bea Essay

The Pledge of Loyalty is portion of the baptismal of erect when you enter an organisation. When you become portion of a group. you are cause to follow the pledge or if you can non. merely leave. And this will play a alpha function in the treatment of this instance survey.On the head start inquiry of Allen Lopez retaining his occupation. while the First Amendment states that Lopez aerating of grudge is protected under the Freedom of Expression. he is. nevertheless. in struggle with the offense of calumny and for non detecting employment limitations and true statement curses. So while he is allowed to utilize whatever medium to province his feelings and thoughts. the jurisprudence allows his company to fire him for he endangers the security of his companys locomote force.On the 2nd inquiry on whether Lopez be forced to take his web site. the company may make one of two things. First. the company may petition for Temporary Restraining Order that will be issued by the tribunal whi ch will so order Lopez to stop dead the web site or to convey it down temporarily before the tribunal decides on whether seting up the web site did go against company Torahs as stated in the truth pledge. Second is to action Lopez for amendss and include in their gesture that he convey down the web site to control farther onslaughts on the companys image.Last. on how ExtremeNets executives will esteem Lopezs rights and self-respect. it is best for ExtremeNet to merely inquire the tribunal to convey the website down particularly if it did non present any important negative effects in the traffics of the company. Allen Lopez has been a good employee and was merely contending for the public assistance of the lower ranking employees. But still. it is in the discretion of ExtremeNet to either fire or retain Allen Lopez in the company.FindLaw. First Amendment Freedom of Expression. & lt accessible at hypertext transfer protocol //caselaw. LP. findlaw. com/data/constitution/amendment01/ & gt eLaws. Employment Law Guide. & lt accessible at hypertext transfer protocol //www. dol. gov/compliance/guide/ & gt

Unemployment and America

Un oeuvre locates Daniel Park inch 28, 2013 the States continues to ask a tall un example rate that causes many the Statesns to endure out of homes, plot of land reciprocal ohm Korea has of the lowest unemployment rate. The U. S. has struggled with continuous cost increase of employment rates since 2008. The main focus to the issue is creating jobs. America believed that creating jobs would be able to assistant the economy because great deal would be able to get jobs. So the political sympathies tried to add as many jobs they would be able to create. The government even created bills to help plurality find work so that they would non be unemployed.Although an abundant amount of citizens found jobs, it was not easy to start out the unemployment rate. Many of Americans citizens are mental or disable and it is difficult for them to find a job that treats them equally. This is an issue out of many other troubles that are the reason for utmost unemployment in the United Sta tes. America needs to be able to help and support the creation og jobs because America has nonpareil of the highest unemployment rates. Unemployment is important in the US because throng are forced to move out of homes.The Great recession has caused people to move to a lesser home instead of going to get a bigger house or for a high-paying job. Before the economy crashed, 41. 3% moved topically to own a home or settle in a better neighborhood. besides during the recession only 30. 4% moved for those reasons. The percentage of people who moved to settle in a better neighborhood or moved locally to own a home was less than half the population. provided the Great Recession caused an 8. 7% difference between the people who moved for their benefit. Roderick Harrison, a demographer at Howard University in Washington D.C. said it is going to be year before African-Americans return to their pre-recession trajectory. He said this because unemployment and foreclosure rates are higher amon g blacks than whites. The unalike unemployment rates vary by ethnic group, which makes one ethnic group to get jobs because of an abundant amount of people are trying to get work. During the 2007-09 recession, 9% of Americans (which is about 4 million) and more moved to cheaper housing or doubled up with family and friends according to an 2013 analysis. The US fails to address the unemployment issue because hile they try to cut government spending, jobs are cut too. Between 2008 and 2009, there a sharp rise of the unemployment rates, 8,924,000 to 14,265,000. The government has cut 719,000 jobs since President Barack Obama took placement, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. During Obamas office during 2008, there was a sharp rise of the unemployment rates from 5. 8% to 10. 2% during the years of 2008 to 2013. There are job losses even though the tendency for the government was to create them. The unemployment rate hits 10. 2% which is the highest in 26 years and reaching double digits for the first time in 26 years.The sharp rise in unemployment caused to lose 190,000 net jobs which intensified pressure on the Obama administration to show results from the $787 billion package of spending unleashed early this year to spur the economy. federation Korea is able to do a better job than America because southeastern Korea uses a corpse called chaebol that was able to help mho Korea during the spheric financial crisis and help people with disabilities. For people with disabilities retain less minimum wage, even though Americas policy for employment said it would give particular(a) employment wage. southerly Korea on the other hand gives many benefits for people with disabilities. South Korea has a system called Chaebol (jaebol in Korean) which is a cluster of many companies around one cite company. The companies usually hold shares in each other and are often run by one family. The system was able to help South Korea during the global financial cri sis and recovered faster than any other rich country. South Korea laid great store by command and stiff work and South Korea meets above the standard rankings in Math and science while America is below average.America is ranked 17 in the developed world of education. While South Korea tops the list of the top 40 education countries. South Korea does not have a high rate of birth like America which allows South Korea not to create many schools like America. South Korea spends about $1,000 dollars per student while the US spends about $5,000 per student. South Korea is considered a country where they spend a small amount of money but have high achievements with other countries such as Hong Kong. America on the other hand is a high spender but has low achievements.South Korea is able to do well because of three reasons, one is that they have a better education system, two they are hard workers, and three they use the chaebol system. South Korea believes that teachers should have grea t respect among their students. This is one example that America should do because a respected teacher helps ensure a good education. The US must create better education, reword the employment policy to be able to help people that have disabilities, and help lower the discourtesy rates.America needs to put 2,220 hours of work a year because thats how South Koreans lay great store by education and hard work. South Korea develop types of occupations suitable for their employment, expand opportunities for vocational skills development, provide employment information and take other necessary measures for the aged, the disabled, and etc. But America only gives special minimum wages for disable people the thing is that many people who are disabled are not getting jobs. It is said that South Korea has a low offence rate, which means that many people have jobs or an education.But America has a high crime rate which means many people did not get the proper education or could not get a job. It is said that having high unemployment could increase crime motivation, and most cases have convertible patterns such as burglary, larceny, and motor theft. South Korea has a low crime rate, and most cases are usually assault. There are rarely cases which involves burglary and theft. So America needs to give better education in hallow for employment rates to go high and crime rates down.South Korea does not need to manage so much in the police department because of not too many crimes that involve burglary and motor theft. South Korea can use statistics that show since they have a very good education system, committing crime is the least of their worries. On the other hand, America knows it needs to step it up to decrease the unemployment rate. In secern for that to happen, America need to have better education so that it can ensure that people will have jobs or even create because they have the education they need.Change is possible but America would really need to take big leap in education but also towards to create jobs. But creating jobs might not be that helpful because even though America adds more jobs, it does not lower the employment rate by a high margin. In July 2012, Labor Department statistics show the US economy added 80,000 jobs, a figure below economists modest expectations of 90,000 jobs and the fourth in a row of underperforming employment growth. The issue is America is already falling behind employment rates compared to other countries.The unemployment rate is decreasing very slowly but it will not be enough to take the economy back on track. Education plays a big role considering how people will get jobs. South Korea has one of the top education systems which may guarantee a job in the future. America will need to increase their education system in order to improve childrens future for the better of America. From the continuing pattern of issues for American citizens, they are forced to cope with the struggles of getting a job and receive junior-grade help from the government.During the past 5 years, the unemployment rate went up which affected the citizens. When the government created more jobs, the amount of work produced were below what the economists expected. America needs to improve their education so that it may improve the chance for people to get jobs. South Korea was able to be recognized by the world because of their great education system and their low unemployment rate. America needs to realize that they need to stop with the rising unemployment and start giving the citizens the jobs in order to take America towards a great future.References Americans on the move start moving down, not up, USA Today, February 20, 2013. Blank, Rebecca et al. , eds. , Statistical Abstract of the United State 2012 U. S. Department of Commerce (Washington D. C. Government printing office), 2012. Goodman, beam of light S. , Unemployment Rate Hits 10. 2%, Highest in 26 Years, New York Times, November 6, 2009. Kamal ick, Joe, US at tipping point, ICIS Chemical Business, July 16, 2012. Kavoussi, Bonnie, Government Fails To tackle Unemployment, As sequestration Looms, Huffington Post, February 1, 2013.People with Disabilities, AngloNFO, 2000-2013. Phillips, Julie, and Land, Kenneth, The link between unemployment and crime rate fluctuations An analysis at the county, state, and national levels, Social Science Research, no. 41 (May 2012) http//web. ebscohost. com/ehost/detail? vid=4&sid=b487b940-219c-4323-8f76-1b6bb64785b4%40sessionmgr4&hid=26&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=a9h&AN=73762358( accessed border 5, 2013). What do you do when you reach the top? , SEOUL, November 12, 2011. Who is Covered, United States of Department of Labor, September, 2009. - 1 . Americans on the move start moving down, not up, USA Today, February 20, 2013. 2 . Americans on the move start moving down, not up, USA Today, February 20, 2013. 3 . Blank, Rebecca et al. , eds. , Statistical Abstract of the United Sta te 2012 U. S. Department of Commerce (Washington D. C. Government printing office), 2012. 4 . Bonnie Kavoussi, Government Fails To Tackle Unemployment, As Sequestration Looms, Huffington Post, February 1, 2013. 5 . Goodman, Peter S. Unemployment Rate Hits 10. 2%, Highest in 26 Years, New York Times, November 6, 2009. 6 . Goodman, Peter S. , Unemployment Rate Hits 10. 2%, Highest in 26 Years, New York Times, November 6, 2009. 7 . Who is Covered, United States of Department of Labor, September, 2009. 8 . What do you do when you reach the top? , SEOUL, November 12, 2011. 9 . Ludger Woessmann, Why Students in some Countries Do Better, Education matters 1, no. 2( 2001) 10 . What do you do when you reach the top? , SEOUL, November 12, 2011. 11 . People with Disabilities, AngloNFO, 2000-2013. 12 . Phillips, Julie, and Land, Kenneth, The link between unemployment and crime rate fluctuations An analysis at the county, state, and national levels, Social Science Research, no. 41 (May 2012) http//web. ebscohost. com/ehost/detail? vid=4&sid=b487b940-219c-4323-8f76-1b6bb64785b4%40sessionmgr4&hid=26&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=a9h&AN=73762358( accessed March 5, 2013). 13 . Joe Kamalick, US at tipping point, ICIS Chemical Business, July 16, 2012.

Flextronics Case Analysis

Flextronics Case Analysis Team Member Kerry Cunningham, Feng Hu, Tian Tian, Shuo Zhang Nov. 5th 1. Cause of McCusters Dilemma Several organizational factors haves contributed to McCusters dilemma First, the Flextronicss finale playrs failed to appropriately evaluate the ability and condition of the organization in bidding for Xbox project and assigning tasks. While it is enticing that this project would bring well-nigh comfortably reputation as well as substantial pecuniary gain, closing-makers should consider more than financial win1.Managers be paid to make good decisions not furious decisions or conservative decisions1 Flextronics decision makers was too optimistic about the project so that they promised Microsoft the IT solution Flextronics did not have yet despite the fact that it was Flextronics basic global project and first foray into sophisticated software product. This promise has put Flextronics in risks since now it has trouble coming up with the IT solution.Altho ugh group and external pressures (social, political, economic) clashing the alternatives we select and biases we have in decision-making1, in Flextronics case, Flextronics could gain cutting edge and good fame from the succeed of the project, and m any(prenominal) parties are closely watching this project, decision makers calm needs to be objective when making decisions While Xbox project needs the two facilities designated to work closely, decision makers assigned the project to Mexico facility and Hungary facility, two groups that are both geographically and relationally distant.This decision has led to ineffective communication between the two facilities. Second, Flextronicss CEOs over stress on refining decentralization and the fact that Flextronicss acquisition led to culture acquisition caused lack of communication1 and trust1 between facilities. Lack of Communication has led to different systems in two facilities. The two plants function separately and have their own res pective cost control, this leading to conflict about which system to subscribe.If the Hungary facility has communicated with the headquarter about which system to adopt in the first place, the headquarter would probably have suggested Hungary facility to adopt Datasweep like Mexico facility did, and Flextronics would not have this dilemma at all. Now that the facilities are having trouble in switching system, they still refuse to trust each others system, they are even unwilling to communicate with each other about the system. This lack of trust and communication has worsened Flextronicss situation. 2.Criteria in Decision Evaluation The most prior criterion in decision evaluation is whether the supreme decision enables Flextronics to make profits in the long run. Since profit enables enterprises to survive and developlast. Profit is also the reason for the establish profit oriented enterprises. However, in several(prenominal) tasks such as Xbox project, the priority whitethorn b e developing cutting edge and enhance reputation rather than financial gain, but this project would be valueless if it cannot bring about financial benefit in the long run.The second most important criterion is customer happiness. In this case, customer satisfaction means whether Flextronics produces Xbox in good quality, right quantity, with reasonable price, and in timely manner. Flextronics also needs to meet Microsofts requirement in system acceptance and production control. As Microsoft is an important customer and the projects success could bring about substantial benefit for Flextronics, it is important to stick to the contract with Microsoft. another(prenominal) important criterion would be whether the ultimate decision leads to good team work.Now that the Hungary facility and Mexico facility have inconsistency in production and refuse to compromise, decision makers need to come up with a solution to involve the two facilities in close cooperation, which is the key to suc cess in launching Xbox in two markets at the same time. As good teamwork in Xbox would lead to enhanced work efficiency and good example for future projects, it is important for decision makers to allow the two facilities willingly reach an agreement. 3. Actions to Take In order to satisfy the criteria mentioned above, Mr. McCusker should take the following actions before he reaches a decision.First of all, in order to make sure the company can benefit from this project, he need make comprehensive analysis on every aspect including costs, potential profit, customer satisfaction and future influences on market share of all those three possible scenarios. The first decision alternative is putting Datasweep in both Mexico and Hungary. This fits to both the philosophical system of Mark, the CEO of Flextronics and the requirement of Microsoft. Moreover, Datasweep is a scalable solution over Visual pulverisation, thus facilitating future projects on a global view.On the other hand, the cost is a big issue. Besides, the uncertainty to operate the new system may disorder the normal operation for Hungarian for a period of time. Well, decision-makers should consider more than financial benefit1. As this is a global project, McCusker should view it as a whole. If this solution does meet the criteria of the company, those two branches should share the total cost and profit. Furthermore, the Mexico factory should send nigh engineers who are familiar with Datasweep to Hungarian to make it operate well as soon as possible.Because the Xbox will be built first in Mexico, there is still some time for Hungary to adopt the new system. In this case, Flextronics will become more and more global-orientated and get ready for tremendous future projects. However, there is still some uncertainty exists, because the management team in Hungary is self-important. They are quite unwilling to switch and would only do so if the CEO commanded. They may have some psychological issues whic h will have bad effects on carrying on the project. The second one is to set up Visual Factory in Mexico.It will save a lot of money, which is a big issue in this industry. This system has been well self-customized by the Hungarian team and they reckon that they have already discovered and fixed most of the bugs. But the fatal defect is that Visual Factory has no credibility outside of Hungary. It is extremely unvoiced to convince Microsoft and the executives and IT team of Flextronics to trust this new system. Moreover, because of the build of Xbox starting from Mexico, time is another critical issue. The third resource is allowing each branch uses their own software system. This will benefit both plants without any risk.Nevertheless, there is also a fatal drawback of this option that is it can hardly meet the basic requirement of Microsoft for a single software platform. Whats more, it lacks global synergies which will be a barrier for Flextronics to develop in the long run. Th e second action McCusker should take is talk of the town to Michael Marks, the CEO of Flextronics, putting all three options and all the pros and cons of them according to the comprehensive analysis and asking for his advice and even serving. In this case, this is indeed needed, though it is not recommended to confer with to boss for help.Because this is a global project which need close cooperation of the big two branches, its hard for McCusker, the project manager, to deal with those senior executives. Furthermore, Humphrey Porter, president of commutation Europe, and his team even claimed that they would switch to Datasweep only if Michael Marks ask to do so as an order. In this case, without the approval of Michael Marks, its useless for McCusker to reach any decision. The third one is to hold a conference with all the key people including Humphrey Porter, Matt Ryan, Jim McCusker, Mike Webb, Robert Dykes and Michael Marks.Because one of the biggest problems of Flextronics is lack of communication, this conference will help those key people in this project to know the situation better and build trust and familiarity among them1. After they consider and discuss all the pros and cons of every option face to face without any communication barrels, they stand a good chance to reach an optimal decision. A good teamwork among different branches would also benefit a lot for the future development of Flextronics as a global company.

Workplace

Workplace ShiftsSherryBestGrantham UniversityMarch 20, 2018The work force is contingent with the teamwork of personnel and verbalise. The workforce remain the main concern of employers everywhere. All areas of employment are moved(p) by economics and its affected by births, plus the quality of training each person receives. 100 years ago, jobs were manufacturing in nature, what I mean is that individuals worked in factories or on an assembly lines.These types of positions werent very challenging because its a situation that was repetitious as the worker repeat steps. Subsequently new engineering science happens to be much demanding, very aggressive and creative. Women are employed within position that once was considered only men were productive in. Work shifts are divided into tether shifts for several organizations. Theyre basically eight hours a shift and the employee usually work forty hours a week. Over the years the workforce has added four generation of workers. This has caused a distinctive effect on the workforce causing them to face the age differences.The HR knows the older generation of the past consequently will sway the early of various organizations. They know that achieving their goal depends on how workers. Also, the facts show that countless people are not retiring but are removeing on working swell up past the age of 65. HR specialists find that theyre having to formulate additional resolutions to link the demands relating to the workforce with the aging workers.Which requires HR specialists to understand and be able to execute shipway to create jobs and to fill them with acceptable workers. Meanwhile workers and jobs are always transforming so organizations realize that they have diversity and the skill to maintain a balanced workforce being competent to accomplish their goals for the future of the organization. Also, companies have moved to global level with improved technology and communication.Besides more women employees entered the workforce which was not the state 100 years ago where women lives tended to be centered around their families. During WWI changed who the workforce would use once the men were either volunteering or being drafted to serve in the military which resulted in there was no one to fill the positions. So businesses hired the women to work in the mens place.After showing the factories that the women were capable to carry out the duties that the men could do, but they were paid less for the same job. Since then women have demanded rights for equal pay and equal treatment. Because the workforce have become more diverse with gender, age, and culture it has caused organizations to change how they attain workers and maintain their numbers.The older workers are still present in the workforce is making HR to consider alternating(a) ways for hiring, training, and what type of benefits plans to offer as enticements.Today HR managers needs to spend considerable time and money in training in new technology and keep them updated.The future US workforce groups in 2025 would be mostly aged population over 60 years. The workforce I filled with many another(prenominal) kinds of technology such as computers, internet, smart phones and many mobile devices that has opened communication where everything seems to move at the speed of light. Therefore, HR will need to be on their toes to meet every task in the future. ReferencesAnderson, B. E. (2000). Journal of Economic Perspectives.Worker Protection Policies in the New, 207-214.DeCenzo, D. A. (2016). Fundamentals of Human Resource Management. Danvers, MA toilette Wiley Sons.Effortless HR. (2018). Retrieved from The Past, Present and Future Workforce https//www.effortlesshr.com/blog/present-future-workforce-generations/Huczynski, A. . (2010). Organizational behaviour.London Financial Times Prentice Hall.Khan, A. H. (2012). Impact of job satisfaction on employee performance An verifiable study of autonomous Medical Institutions o f Pakistan. African Journal of Business Management, 2697.Micheal Bailey. (2018).Retrieved from Demographic shifts and the HR challenges of the future https//www.michaelbaileyassociates.com/news/hr/demographic-shifts-and-the-hr-challenges-of-the-futureWomen in the Workplace. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-15/edit-page/28241044_1_indian-women-chinese-women-chinese-counterpart

Presidential and Parliamentary Systems of Government Essay

asylum and Main Distinguishing Features of Both SystemsA presidential strategy of establishment is one in which there is a foreman of governance, i.e. the decision desexualiser branch, who is separate from the legislature and is non accountable to it. Generally, the legislature does not hold power to dismiss the administrator. This ashes stooge be traced back to the noble system in the medieval ages which countries such(prenominal) as France, England and Scotland followed where the Crown held all decision maker powers and not the parliament. When the office of the President of the United States was created, this system of separate powers of the executive and legislature was replicated in the U.S. Constitution.In contrast, a parliamentary system is different from the above because its executive branch of government needs the result or validating backing of the parliament to stay in power, which is generally expressed through a vote of confidence. However, the mechanism of checks and balances is different from one found in a presidential republic because there is no distinct separation of powers between the legislature and the executive. In parliamentary systems, the enquiry of government and the head of state argon distinct entities, where the former is the prime look and the latter is an elected president or a hereditary monarch. The U.K. follows a parliamentary form of government, where the prime minister and the cabinet govern using their executive power on a daily basis, but actual authority is held with the head of state.1In distinguishing between presidential and parliamentary systems, three points must be considered. First, in a presidential system the head of government (the president) is elected for a fixed term and bequeath serve this unless there is the unusual and exceptional process of impeachment, whereas in a parliamentary system the head of government (prime minister or equivalent) is dependent on the confidence of the legislat ure and thus can be removed (along with the whole government) by a motion of no-confidence.Second, in a presidential system the head of government (the president) is popularly elected, if not literally directly by the voters then by an electoral college popularly elected expressly for this purpose, whereas in a parliamentary system the head of government (prime minister or equivalent) is selected by the legislature. Third, in a presidential system there is effectively a one-person non-collegial executive, whereas in a parliamentary system the executive (i.e., the cabinet) is collective or collegial.2For his part, Sartori like Lijphart, makes three basic points in that a political system is presidential if, and furbish up(prenominal) if, the head of state (president) i) results from popular election, ii) during his or her pre-established tenure cannot be discharged by a parliamentary vote, and iii) heads or otherwise directs the governments that he or she appoints. thither atomic number 18 two distinctions between Lijphart and Sartori worth noting here.First of all, Lijphart refers to the president as the head of government whereas Sartori refers to him or her as the head of state. Second and related, Sartori conceives of the government as world broader than the individual president. As such, Sartori rejects as too narrow the notion that the head of state must also be the head of government in favor of a looser notion that authority flows from the president down perhaps via a separate head of government.3Mainwaring attributes two distinguishing features to a presidential democracy. First, the head of government is elected independently of the legislature in the sense that legislative elections and post-election negotiations do not determine executive power. In countries where the chief executive is selected by the legislature, not as a second alternative when the popular vote does not produce a clear winner but as the fundamental process, the system is eit her parliamentary (the vast majority of cases) or a hybrid (as in Switzerland).Post-election negotiations that determine which parties will govern and which will head the government are crucial in many parliamentary administrations, but they are not part of the selection process of chief executives in presidential systems. The chief executive in a presidential democracy is ordinarily elected by popular vote, although some countries, notably the United States, have an electoral college rather than direct popular elections. Even so, in the United States, the popular vote has a virtually binding effect on Electoral College votes.In other presidential systems, including those in Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile (before 1973), the congress votes for a president if there is no absolute majority in the popular vote. Yet the popular vote is the source criterion, and in Argentina and Chile, tradition has dictated that congress will select the candidate with the around popular votes. Note th at it must be the head of government-not just now the president-who is elected by popular vote or an electoral college. In Austria, Iceland, and Ireland, the president is elected by direct popular vote but has only minor powers and is therefore not the head of government.4The second distinguishing feature of presidential democracies is that the president is elected for a fixed halt of time. Most presidential democracies cede for impeachment, but this practice is rare and does not substantially affect the definition because of its extraordinary character. The president cannot be forced to resign because of a no-confidence vote by the legislature, and consequently, the president is not formally accountable to congress. In a parliamentary system, in contrast, the head of government is elected by the legislature and subsequently depends on the ongoing confidence of the legislature to remain in office thus the time period is not fixed.5Implications for Policy Making and DemocracyWhet her a regime is parliamentary or presidential has a major impact on significant aspects of political life how executive power is formed, relationships between the legislative and the executive branches, relationships between the executive and the political parties, the nature of the political parties, what happens when the executive loses support, and arguably even prospects for stable democracy and patterns of domination.The proponents of presidential bring that presidential systems claim that such systems ensure that the presidents power is a legitimate one because the president if, in most cases, elected directly by the people. The United States follows a different system in which the president is elected by an electoral college but is still considered to be popularly elected. Parliamentary executives can not claim to be elected via a direct vote of the people. Separation of powers is another benefit which the presidential system provides because it established the executive bra nch and the legislative as two distinct structures which allows each body to supervise and oversee the other and prevents abuse of the system.In a parliamentary system, the executive is not separate from the legislature, step-down the chances of criticism or scrutiny, unless a formal condemnation in the form of a vote of no confidence takes place. Hence, in a parliamentary system, a prime ministers unethical deeds or instances of misconduct office never be discovered as Woodrow Wyatt (former British Member of Parliament) say while writing intimately the famous Watergate scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon, dont think a Watergate couldnt happen here, you just wouldnt hear about it.6In a parliamentary system, even though the option of a vote of no confidence is available, it is an option resorted to only in extreme cases. It is considered exceedingly difficult to influence or stop a prime minister or cabinet who has already decided to pass legislation or utensil meas ures.Voting against important legislation is tantamount to a vote of no confidence, as a consequence of which the government is changed after holding of elections. This is a rattling tedious process because of which it is a rare occurrence in some parliamentary countries. Britain for example has only rarely undergone such a situation. Therefore, it is often believed that in a parliamentary system, because of the lack of separation of powers, the Parliament can not actually exercise any real control over the executive.However, there can be a downside to separation of powers. Presidential systems can lead to a situations where the President and Congress both evade blame by passing it to the other. In the words of former Treasury Secretary C. Douglas Dillon as he described the United States, The president blames Congress, the Congress blames the president, and the public remains confused and disgusted with government in Washington.7Woodrow Wilson agreed in his thesis, congressional Go vernment in the United States, as he said, how is the schoolmaster, the nation, to know which boy needs the whipping? . . . Power and uncompromising accountability for its use are the essential constituents of good government. . . . It is, therefore, manifestly a radical defect in our federal system that it parcels out power and confuses right as it does.The main purpose of the Convention of 1787 seems to have been to accomplish this grievous mistake. The literary theory of checks and balances is simply a consistent account of what our constitution makers tried to do and those checks and balances have proved mischievous just to the extent which they have succeeded in establishing themselves . . . the Framers would be the first to admit that the only fruit of dividing power had been to make it irresponsible.8Separation of Powers has mixed implications. It can lead to gridlock, i.e. when it becomes next to impossible to pass items on the partys agenda because the legislature is alm ost equally divided, usually an occurrence in the U.S. when the Senate and House of Representatives are dominated by opposing parties. However, the upside to gridlock is that it often prevents radical policy changes.Another problem with the presidential system is that while it is inherently stable because the president is elected for a fixed term, this also compounds the issue of the presidency being a zero-sum game, where winner takes all. As Linz (1990, 56) states, The jeopardy that zero-sum presidential elections pose is compounded by the rigidity of the presidents fixed term in office. Winners and losers are sharply defined for the entire period of the presidential mandatelosers must wait four or five years without any access to executive power and patronage. The zero-sum game in presidential regimes raises the stakes of presidential elections and inevitably exacerbates their attendant tension and polarization.Parliamentary elections can also lead to one party winning an absolu te majority, in most scenarios a number of parties gain representation through these elections. Power is often shared and coalitions are formed, as a consequence of which the position holders give collect weight to the needs and interests of smaller parties. In turn, these parties expect a certain share in power and as is obvious, are stakeholders in the overall system, kinda of non-entities. Now if, as is the case in presidential systems, one sole person believes that he has independent authority and a popular mandate, he might start to develop a tendency towards authoritarianism.When he develops such notions about his standing and role, he will not react appropriately to the inevitable emulation to his policies, finding it annoying and unsettling, as would a prime minister who considers himself a mere representative of a temporary governing coalition and not the sole voice of the nation. Hence the examples of Venezuela and Colombia, where when democracy was reestablished in tim es of great political instability, and when the written constitutions warranted a presidential government, the leaders of chief political parties opted for consociational agreements whereby the rigid, winner-take-all consequences of presidential elections were dull.9While stability is often touted as one of the prime advantages of the presidential system, it is simply another word for rigidity. On the other hand, parliamentarism lends a certain grammatical constituent of flexibility to the political process. Advocates of presidentialism might reply that this rigidity is actually a plus because it prevents the uncertainty and instability so definitive of parliamentary politics. Under parliamentary government, after all, a number of entities, even rank-and-file legislators, can choose to adopt basic changes, cause realignments and shifts, and, most importantly, make or break prime ministers.solely it must be remembered that while the need for authority and predictability might serve as justifications for presidentialism, there can be a myriad of unexpected developments- anything from the last of the incumbent to serious errors in judgment committed under the pressure of adverse political circumstances that often lead to the presidential rule being less predictable and often weaker than that of a prime minister. The latter can always make efforts to bolster up his legitimacy and authority, be it through a vote of confidence or the dissolution of parliament and the consequential new elections. Also, a prime minister can be changed without it necessarily leading to a major regime crisis.10ConclusionThe above analysis has largely favored a parliamentary system over a presidential one. However, one must remember that success regimes, regardless of the amount of thought and care gone into their design, are determined by the extent of support they manage to arrest from baseball club at large, its major forces, groups and institution. Public consensus therefore is a basic need, which confers legitimacy to the authority of the regime, and this is achieved only by the power which is attained lawfully and in a democratic fashion.Regimes also depend to a large extent on the ability and aptitude of their leaders to govern, to arouse trust and to respect the boundaries of the power they hold. both country has unique aspects that one must take into account-traditions of federalism, ethnic or cultural heterogeneity, and so on. Both systems have their pros and cons, even parliamentary systems can fill grave crises. Hence, countries must consider their own individual past, present and future, in order to determine which system has the greater probability of success.ReferencesHardin, Charles. 1989. A Challenge to political Science. PS Political Science and government activity 22(3) 595-600.Lijphart, Arend, ed. 1992. Introduction in A. Lijphart (ed.), Parliamentary versus presidential government. Oxford Oxford University Press.Linz, Juan. 1990. The Pe rils of Presidentialism. Journal of Democracy (Winter) 51-69.Mainwaring, Scott and Shugart, Matthew. 1997. Juan Linz, Presidentialism, and Democracy A Critical Appraisal. Comparative Politics 29(4) 449-471.Mainwaring, Scott. 1990. Presidentialism in Latin America. Latin American interrogation Review 25(1)157-179.Sartori, Giovanni. 1994. Neither presidentialism nor parliamentarism, in J.J. Linz & A. Valenzuela (eds.), The failure of presidential democracy, vol. 1 Comparative perspectives. Baltimore, MD Johns Hopkins University Press.Thomas, Jo. Oct. 9 1988. The circle of two nations. The New York Times. Wilson, Woodrow. 1886. Congressional Government A Study in American Politics. The New Englander 45(192).1 Mainwaring, Scott and Shugart, Matthew. 1997. Juan Linz, Presidentialism, and Democracy A Critical Appraisal. Comparative Politics 29(4) 449-471.2 Lijphart, Arend, ed. 1992. Introduction in A. Lijphart (ed.), Parliamentary versus presidential government.Oxford Oxford University Press.3 Sartori, Giovanni. 1994. Neither presidentialism nor parliamentarism, in J.J. Linz & A. Valenzuela (eds.), The failure of presidential democracy, vol. 1 Comparative perspectives. Baltimore, MD Johns Hopkins University Press.4 Mainwaring, Scott. 1990. Presidentialism in Latin America. Latin American Research Review 25(1)157-179.5 Linz, Juan. 1990. The Perils of Presidentialism. Journal of Democracy (Winter) 51-696 Thomas, Jo. Oct. 9 1988. The fate of two nations. The New York Times. 7 Hardin, Charles. 1989. A Challenge to Political Science. PS Political Science and Politics 22(3) 595-600.8 Wilson, Woodrow. 1886. Congressional Government A Study in American Politics. The New Englander 45(192).9 Linz, Juan. 1990.10 Linz, Juan. 1990.

Small and Medium Enterprise

availableness Mono railings for Urban Community in capital of In dosia coetaneous societies heavily depend on superman and forward-looking social life is possible only if the great unwashed imbibe mobility on a daily posterior?the ability to move around so that they back end do what they have to do or deal to do (Augurs, 2004).On the maven hand, high up personal mobility and the life-style choices ar features of neo societies but courts and constraints touch on in meeting this demand threaten communities in important panaches via financial impositions, increases in contamination and greenhouse effects and reduction of local amenity, furtherance of dispersed development and the aka up of farm or peckh land and depletion of scarce fossil fire reserves (G, 1999, up. 11-122). Nowadays al well-nigh all day jalopy media in Indonesia review the issues ab extinct deplorable national transport and increasing levels of traffic over-crowding in Jakarta.The problem of cong estion and poor of populace conveyance of title serve is the triggers that increased of development individual(a) cars in Jakarta which causes the high acceleration regularise of growth private locomote vehicles, both pushcycles and cars since 1999 (Table. L). congestion reducing admittance by push the using of private motor vehicles and evitable of public transportation function is to be important. Failure of transportation systems go out interfere with the development of an bea, affecting the efficiency of the urban economy.Provides good public transportation service leave behind encourage people to change from private vehicles to public transportation. Based on this detail, the people in Jakarta hope that Jakarta Provincial Government at once revivalist the public transportation services. Given the fact how important to managing for excellence in public transportation, one of those benefits is public transportation improves the quality of life in immunities by pr oviding safe, efficient, and economical transportation service (Klein, 2005, p. 154).The approachability and address effectiveness of public transportation is similarly vital to ensuring a healthy economy and improve mobility. Improvements of public transport pass on help to disgrace congestion, air pollution, in any case oil and energy consumption. whizz of our government program is to build monorails in Jakarta. The background to build monorails, because separately and every day hundreds of thousands of passengers ar carried on monorails, environment friendly and excessively damage effective (Greenwood, 1963, up. 6-29). Lots of experts who concluded Jakarta im function getting worse of congestion if not settlement efforts from now.Some of opposite causes is the lack of public transport services and undisciplined road users in Jakarta. There atomic number 18 several(prenominal) ways or way out that can be used as an approach to solve the congestion problem in Jaka rta. certainly can be done as an approach, such(prenominal) as reducing the use of private motor vehicles and increased ethics, traffic discipline on the alley and revitalization the public Jakarta that fairly part and already operates nearly around 9 years old with Eng corridors to a greater extent than 200 Km, but Trans-Jakarta has not become a right answer of mass transportation in Jakarta.A new innovation that will implement in Jakarta is to build monorails transportation system. Build the monorails transportation system is not a purely economic and financial feasibility, but more than for the stack of a city. Life and economic act of a city, depending on how easily people to prompt or mobility and how often they can do it to diverse destinations in the city.Main objective from monorails transportation system is to bears the chance for people to improve the quality with a more liable, trustworthy, safe, comfortable, affordable and more economical. Monorails have often been lumped unneurotic with flying cars as part of a naive, cartoonist vision of the future (Kennedy, 2005, p. 2). The monorails society defines monorails as A wiz rail serving as a plow for passenger or freight vehicles. In most cases rail is elevated, but monorails can also gestate at put, below grade or in subway tunnels (Kennedy, 2005, p. ). Plan to build a monorails in Jakarta is still in a wide-term process, but it would be better if the government has already started planning for NY particular infrastructure and study from an outside(a) reference about what, why in nightspot to prep ar and support this project. The reasons to support of using monorails 1 . Monorails are nonpolluting, quite and automated, all these characteristics are about the same for any galvanizingally effected modern transport system on a guide- way or rails. 2.Safety, the record has been extremely good, with serious summercaterctional accidents not yet encountered. 3. Personal safety has a lso been exceptional, and systems operate in controlled environments, and extensive surveillance programs done by monitors and safety response are in place. 4. Advanced technology image, monorails are associated in the public mind with technological advancement and visionary concepts, This whitethorn be a considerable positive force, possibly generating considerable public and civic support for implementation. Augurs, 2004). Monorails are categorized in Zero Accident or the safest public transpiration systems. Because of their elevated design, accidents with surface traffic are impossible. Zero accidents translates to no system down m, less(prenominal) liability suits and most importantly, no injuries or deaths where channel rail systems with grade crossings (light rail, trams r trellises) cant offer this winsome of safety. Also, passenger safety is a primary rumination in the design of modern monorails system.Various manufacturers are command passengers safety and comfort du ring their trips. These kind of modern cars benefited late interior design techniques and modern convenience features such as fully automated air instruct systems, the vehicles air spring suspension and unobstructed passageways to guide an open atmosphere to the passengers, and to provide a pleasant time for passengers rather than a time whim boxed in, as they feel like having fun walking in the air.Monorails are completely electric and produce zero emissions and, as meaner of transpiration, monorails aid in the removal of large amount of various motor vehicle traffics and reduced emissions by tons of vitamin C monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCE) and nitrogen oxides (Knox). Environmentalists have keen-sighted sought to be rid of pollution and congestion caused by auto traffic in every preserved natural area. There are several examples of green monorails track through Jungle areas.Since most 66 monorails trains run above the surface, wildlife and humans would be sa fer, noise levels would be lower, and elution would be greatly reduced. Concerning CA emission in passenger transport the rail transport (including light, heavy rail and monorails) is four time more efficient than the car and three clock more than the plane on average (Figure 4. 5) also because most of the modern light rail and monorails systems have electrical engines, the unavoidable energy is supplied by a stationary power supply system federal official by the public power grid or a distant small sizing power plant.This meaner, the mentioned systems does not produce any local check out emissions. Assessment of the economic effects associated with the proposed monorails system as been divided into estimated cost values regarding construction terminus of the system and estimated benefit values associated with system services and consequent regional impact. Monorail systems are not cheap. They cost more more than bus systems. However they ordinarily cost less than light rail systems, advantageously less than heavy rail commuter railroads, and much less than underground light rail or subway systems.Even though bus systems normally cost much less, in the case of true bus rapid transit where specially-designed buses run on grade separated bus- only roadways, the costs may pass away that of a monorail line. Generally, there are many variables which square up the price of building a monorail system. Included actors are as follow 1 . Total length of the system, in many cases, costs can be reduced the longer a system is. 2. Topography, is the terrain categorical or hilly. 3. Location, what is the access for construction equipment?Will there be heavy traffic or other impediments to construction? 4. Utilities, relocation of water mains, power lines, border lines, etc. Can have a noteworthy effect on cost increases. 6. Passenger requirements, what size and number of vehicles are required? How much time will they wait at stations? 7. Speed, what are the s peed requirements of the system? Are there long enough distances between stations so that a higher speed is desired? 8. Number of stations, each additional station adds to the cost. 9. Special structures, such as tunnels, bridges.The swift evolutional skilful advancements are inseparable part of our contemporary urban societies. These ongoing evolutional modifications, which will get over to reconstruct future cities, are inevitably direct us to dissect the unsent influences on our lives. While, the pompous public transportation does not yet provide the comfort level of a private vehicle, in all probability the most sensible way to deal with the ostracize effects of such transformations is to employ recent technical enhancements in our everyday transit systems.However, the relatively high cost of monorail construction has undoubtedly been a factor in limiting the size of these operating systems. Although, surge costs, long construction timeshare, and immense complexity of req uired design elements prevent this type of transportation ode to be looked at seriously within the metropolitan areas, the boilersuit benefits make monorail as one the best solutions for institutional usages. ( Danna Parapets ) Bibliography Greenwood, F. H. , 1963. Monorails for Metropolitan Transportation.Small and Medium EnterpriseAccessibility Monorails for Urban Community in Jakarta Contemporary societies heavily depend on transportation and modern social life is possible only if people have mobility on a daily basis?the ability to move around so that they can do what they have to do or like to do (Augurs, 2004).On the one hand, high personal mobility and the lifestyle choices are features of modern societies but costs and constraints involved in meeting this demand threaten communities in important ways via financial impositions, increases in pollution and greenhouse effects and reduction of local amenity, promotion of dispersed development and the aka up of farm or bush land a nd depletion of scarce fossil fuel reserves (G, 1999, up. 11-122). Nowadays almost every day mass media in Indonesia review the issues about poor public transport and increasing levels of traffic congestion in Jakarta.The problem of congestion and poor of public transportation services is the triggers that increased of using private cars in Jakarta which causes the high acceleration rate of growth private motor vehicles, both motorcycles and cars since 1999 (Table. L). Congestion reducing approach by push the using of private motor vehicles and evitable of public transportation services is to be important. Failure of transportation systems will interfere with the development of an area, affecting the efficiency of the urban economy.Provides good public transportation service will encourage people to change from private vehicles to public transportation. Based on this fact, the people in Jakarta hope that Jakarta Provincial Government immediately revivalist the public transportation services. Given the fact how important to managing for excellence in public transportation, one of those benefits is public transportation improves the quality of life in immunities by providing safe, efficient, and economical transportation service (Klein, 2005, p. 154).The availability and cost effectiveness of public transportation is also vital to ensuring a healthy economy and improving mobility. Improvements of public transport will help to reduce congestion, air pollution, also oil and energy consumption. One of our government program is to build monorails in Jakarta. The reason to build monorails, because each and every day hundreds of thousands of passengers are carried on monorails, environment friendly and also cost effective (Greenwood, 1963, up. 6-29). Lots of experts who concluded Jakarta will getting worse of congestion if not solving efforts from now.Some of other causes is the lack of public transport services and undisciplined road users in Jakarta. There are sever al ways or way out that can be used as an approach to solve the congestion problem in Jakarta. Certainly can be done as an approach, such as reducing the use of private motor vehicles and increased ethics, traffic discipline on the highway and revitalization the public Jakarta that fairly representative and already operates nearly around 9 years old with Eng corridors more than 200 Km, but Trans-Jakarta has not become a right answer of mass transportation in Jakarta.A new innovation that will implement in Jakarta is to build monorails transportation system. Build the monorails transportation system is not a purely economic and financial feasibility, but more than for the vision of a city. Life and economic activity of a city, depending on how easily people to travel or mobility and how often they can do it to various destinations in the city.Main objective from monorails transportation system is to provides the opportunity for people to improve the quality with a more liable, trustw orthy, safe, comfortable, affordable and more economical. Monorails have often been lumped together with flying cars as part of a naive, cartoonist vision of the future (Kennedy, 2005, p. 2). The monorails society defines monorails as A single rail serving as a track for passenger or freight vehicles. In most cases rail is elevated, but monorails can also run at grade, below grade or in subway tunnels (Kennedy, 2005, p. ). Plan to build a monorails in Jakarta is still in a long-term process, but it would be better if the government has already started planning for NY particular infrastructure and study from an international reference about what, why in order to prepare and support this project. The reasons to support of using monorails 1 . Monorails are nonpolluting, quite and automated, all these characteristics are approximately the same for any electrically powered modern transport system on a guide- way or rails. 2.Safety, the record has been extremely good, with serious operati onal accidents not yet encountered. 3. Personal safety has also been exceptional, and systems operate in controlled environments, and extensive surveillance programs done by monitors and safety response are in place. 4. Advanced technology image, monorails are associated in the public mind with technological advancement and visionary concepts, This may be a considerable positive force, possibly generating considerable public and civic support for implementation. Augurs, 2004). Monorails are categorized in Zero Accident or the safest public transpiration systems. Because of their elevated design, accidents with surface traffic are impossible. Zero accidents translates to no system down time, less liability suits and most importantly, no injuries or deaths where street rail systems with grade crossings (light rail, trams r trellises) cant offer this kind of safety. Also, passenger safety is a primary consideration in the design of modern monorails system.Various manufacturers are ensu re passengers safety and comfort during their trips. These kind of modern cars benefited recent interior design techniques and modern convenience features such as fully automated air conditioning systems, the vehicles air spring suspension and unobstructed passageways to bring an open atmosphere to the passengers, and to provide a pleasant time for passengers rather than a time feeling boxed in, as they feel like having fun walking in the air.Monorails are completely electric and produce zero emissions and, as meaner of transpiration, monorails aid in the removal of large amount of various motor vehicle traffics and reduced emissions by tons of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCE) and nitrogen oxides (Knox). Environmentalists have long sought to be rid of pollution and congestion caused by auto traffic in every preserved natural area. There are several examples of green monorails track through Jungle areas.Since most 66 monorails trains run above the surface, wild life and humans would be safer, noise levels would be lower, and elution would be greatly reduced. Concerning CA emission in passenger transport the rail transport (including light, heavy rail and monorails) is four times more efficient than the car and three times more than the plane on average (Figure 4. 5) also because most of the modern light rail and monorails systems have electrical engines, the required energy is supplied by a stationary power supply system fed by the public power grid or a distant small size power plant.This meaner, the mentioned systems does not produce any local exhaust emissions. Assessment of the economic effects associated with the proposed monorails system as been divided into estimated cost values regarding construction period of the system and estimated benefit values associated with system services and consequent regional impact. Monorail systems are not cheap. They cost much more than bus systems. However they usually cost less than light rail syst ems, considerably less than heavy rail commuter railroads, and much less than underground light rail or subway systems.Even though bus systems normally cost much less, in the case of true bus rapid transit where specially-designed buses run on grade separated bus- only roadways, the costs may exceed that of a monorail line. Generally, there are many variables which influence the price of building a monorail system. Included factors are as follow 1 . Total length of the system, in many cases, costs can be reduced the longer a system is. 2. Topography, is the terrain flat or hilly. 3. Location, what is the access for construction equipment?Will there be heavy traffic or other impediments to construction? 4. Utilities, relocation of water mains, power lines, telephone lines, etc. Can have a significant effect on cost increases. 6. Passenger requirements, what size and number of vehicles are required? How much time will they wait at stations? 7. Speed, what are the speed requirements of the system? Are there long enough distances between stations so that a higher speed is desired? 8. Number of stations, each additional station adds to the cost. 9. Special structures, such as tunnels, bridges.The swift evolutional technical advancements are inseparable part of our contemporary urban societies. These ongoing evolutional modifications, which will continue to reconstruct future cities, are inevitably leading us to dissect the unsent influences on our lives. While, the conventional public transportation does not yet provide the comfort level of a private vehicle, probably the most sensible way to deal with the negative effects of such transformations is to employ recent technical enhancements in our everyday transit systems.However, the relatively high cost of monorail construction has undoubtedly been a factor in limiting the size of these operating systems. Although, soaring costs, long construction timeshare, and immense complexity of required design elements preven t this type of transportation ode to be looked at seriously within the metropolitan areas, the overall benefits make monorail as one the best solutions for institutional usages. ( Danna Parapets ) Bibliography Greenwood, F. H. , 1963. Monorails for Metropolitan Transportation.

Brown Mackie versus Ivy Tech Essay

brownness Mackie College is better than common ivy Tech in some aspects this is also reversed for separate aspects. Depending on what you atomic number 18 looking for from all school leave alone help to determine which school placement will be the best aspect for you. This paper will compare and contrast on these two schools business management programs from its varied aspects. browned Mackie College Business ManagementProgram Options Brown Mackie, (2012) If youre tech savvy and have always had a mind for business, the Business and Technology programs at Brown Mackie College can help you to prepare for a career. Brown Mackie offers a much wider variety of programs in the field of business management than does common ivy Tech. With twenty-eight different business programs, Brown Mackie has something to offer to anyone seeking a degree in the business field. Some of the programs in business that Brown Mackie offers overwhelms, but are not limited to, Accounting, Audio/ Vide o Technician, Bioscience science laboratory Technology, Computer Networking, Electronics, Bookkeeping Specialist, Business Administration, Office Management, Graphic Design, and of personal credit line Business Management. The business management programs are offered in twenty-eight out of thirty locations nationwide. The live for This ProgramAccording to Brown Mackie, (2012) website for an Associate of employ Science in Business Management, The institution court for this program for a full-time student complemental the entire program on time, are as follows books and digital resources $0 program fees $2000 room and display panel $0 tuition $28260. Brown Mackie, (2012) also noted, All tuition and fees are subject to change. The financing options on tap(predicate) to pay for this program are as follows according to Brown Mackie, (2012) In addition to any naming and scholarship aid for which they are eligible, ninety-five percent of graduates used loans to finance their educa tion. The median debt for program graduates national Loans $20966 Private Educational Loans $0 Institutional Financing plan $40. Time CompletionAlthough there are many factors to the time it takes to complete this program, for example, was the student in attendance full-time or part-time, did the student expatriation into the program with prior approved realisations, was the student required to take remedial courses, did the student fail or withdraw from courses, and these can all effect the rate of completion. Brown Mackie, (2012) reports, The program could take as pocket-size as twenty-two months to complete. Seventy-one percent of graduates from this program finished in this time. Post Graduate dateBrown Mackie currently has no data available on their site for the percentage of students that find utilisation in their field or related fields. However, Brown Mackie, (2012) implies that, knowledge on this topic may be obtained by speaking with an admissions representative. Iv y Tech Business ManagementProgram Options Ivy Tech the Great Compromiser within the state of Indiana only, offering fourteen locations for attendance. Ivy Tech, (2012) states, Ivy Tech Community College offers more than one hundred and fifty programs and concentrations statewide. However, their site only reports eight options in the School of Business program. These programs include Accounting, Business Administration, Computer Information Systems, Computer Information Technology, Computer Science, Information Security, Office Administration, and Transportation, Distribution & Logistics. The Cost for This ProgramAlthough Ivy Tech does not offer a Business Management program, I will offer comparable cost information from their Business Administration field. Ivy Tech, (2012) reports, Face-to-Face classes for Indiana residents $111.15 per character reference hour Out-of-State $239.40 per credit hour. This report is just for time spent in the classroom. Ivy Tech, (2012) gives further quotes for online courses, Ivy Tech Online classes for Indiana residents $111.15 per credit hour + Online course fee of $20 per credit hour Out-of-State $144.50 per credit hour + Online course fee of $20 per credit hour.Other expenses that will be incurred are report by Ivy Tech, (2012) as follows Consumable fees apply for some programs and courses Technology Fee $60 per semester Books and Supplies cost average is $39.23 per credit hour (based on an average of thirteen credit hours per semester).Ivy Tech, (2012) also notes, more types of financial aid are available, such as grants, scholarships and student loans. Time Completion As with other colleges, an average is the best that can be offered for time completion. Ivy Tech is not an exception to this rule. well-nigh courses require sixty-four credit hours for completion. Ivy Tech allots an average of thirteen credit hours to a course semester. Ivy Techs semesters are three months long. Post Graduate EmploymentNo information is g iven as to what percent, if any, post graduates find gainful employment in their fields, or related fields, of content through Ivy Tech.

Iran Contra Affair Essay

In 1979, an Iranian government supported terrorist pigeonholing overtook the US embassy. They captured 52 people. In an order to obtain the release of the American hostages being held in Le vetoon, The Reagan presidentship undercoverly began to sell weapons to Iran. This went against an American ban on arms sales to Iran, which had been in affect since the embassy had been seized. (Corrigan 40-41) These deals were coherent through Robert McFarlane, who was the head of the National Security Council.One of McFarlanes main staff members was Marine de marky sheriff Colonel Oliver northerly. McFarlane gave North the responsibility of handling the details of the deal and told him not to send anything to Iran until the hostages had been released. North wanted to reserve the deal going so he allowed Israel to ship the weapons before any hostages had been released. McFarlane criticized North, but North unploughed his job. McFarlane was replaced with Rear Admiral John M. Poindexter. No rth tried to convince Poindexter to continue the arms-for-hostage deal with Iran.North complete that there was a massive amount of money being do in this trade. He utilise some of this money made could be used to support an anti-communist organization in Central America. This organization, that was sprightly in Nicaragua, was known as the Contras. The Contras were also highly supported by Reagan and his administration, seeing as we were in the Cold War against Communism. (Lawson 41-60) In the early 1980s, Congress passed a series of amendments known as the Boland Amendments.The Boland Amendments made it il reasoned for the U. S. military to further aid the Contras. (Cohen) The National Security Council was formed in 1947 to acquire secret information about the military plans of Russia throughout the Cold War. (Lawson 49) In 1985, North and McFarlane gave several letters to Congress, in which he be about the questions that they had been asked about their matter in supporting the Contras in Nicaragua. North be again in a face-to-face meeting with Congress in 1986.North told the House comprehension Committee he was involved neither in fundraising for, nor in providing military advice to, the Contras. In 1987 he was confronted with these accusations to which he admitted to misleading Congress with the answers he gave them. When the president subsequent asked Attorney General to gather the relevant facts, North and Poindexter shredded and altered official documents on November 21, 1986.The destruction of these documents was a major loss to Congress, because they were now ineffectual o use those destroyed documents against North in court. (http//icah. infobaselearning. com/pdocument. aspx? ID=129729&search=iran+contra+north) Further complicating the situation, Congress granted underground to North and Poindexter so that they could eliminate the need for the testimony of President Reagan and Vice President Bush. Oliver North and Poindexter, period accused a nd under intense investigation were ultimately convicted. (http//icah. infobaselearning. com/pdocument. aspx? ID=110538&search=iran+contra+north) Lt.Colonel Oliver North was criminally charged, prosecuted and convicted but later the convictions were overturned upon appeal due to the fact that he was granted immunity.North should have been convicted of his crimes and faced his sentence in jail for what he did. North burned legal documents containing crucial usher for his trail, he lied to Congress about using the money from the Iran weapons sales to help the Contras, and by helping the Contra, he go against the Boland Amendments. On November 21, 1986, Oliver North shredded documents that were to be used in court as evidence.These documents were important legal information concerning his involvement in helping the Contras. His destruction of these documents led to Congress losing very valuable selective information to prove whether he was a scapegoat or a criminal. The fact that he destroyed the evidence made it clear that he wasnt being honest and that led Congress to believe his new(prenominal) criminal charges. Oliver North violated many laws. The two most flagrant legal violations were the Boland Amendments and the American ban on arms sales to Iran.North continued to sell the weapons to Iran without any argument even though he knew it was against the law that was put in place by Congress. He went against the banned sales of guns with Iran, which was put in place to keep Iran from gaining powerful weaponry and putting American citizens lives in danger. His involvement and encouragement of continuing the illegal trade to aid the policies that he believed in should lead to his punishment. Also, the fact that he was also using federal money and weapons for the Contra agenda is a misappropriation of funds and of his position of power.